● Postmenopausal status in women
● Age ≥50 years
● Prior fragility fracture
● Low body mass index
● Low dietary calcium
● Vitamin D deficiency
● Tobacco and excessive alcohol use
● Immobilization
● Inadequate physical activity
● Osteoporosis in a first-degree relative, particularly with history of fragility fracture
● Clinical conditions such as thyrotoxicosis, celiac sprue, IBD, cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, organ transplantation, diabetes, HIV, hypogonadism, multiple myeloma, anorexia nervosa, and rheumatologic and autoimmune disorders
● Medications such as oral and high-dose inhaled corticosteroids, anticoagulants (long-term use), aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer, methotrexate, selected antiseizure medications, immunosuppressive agents, proton-pump inhibitors (long-term use), and antigonadal therapy for prostate cancer
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