三、传染病防治与卫生应急

    新中国成立以来，中国政府坚持“预防为主，防治结合”方针，不断加大传染病防治力度，通过开展预防接种和爱国卫生运动等防控措施，降低了传染病发病率，有效控制了传染病的流行和蔓延。自20世纪50年代起，基本控制了鼠疫、霍乱、黑热病、麻风病等疾病的流行。2011年甲类和乙类传染病发病率控制在241.4/10万的较低水平，有力保障了广大居民的身体健康和生命安全。

    实施国家免疫规划。免疫规划工作是中国卫生事业成效最为显著、影响最为广泛的工作之一。20世纪60年代初，中国通过接种牛痘消灭了天花，较世界卫生组织1980年宣布全球根除天花早了十几年。2000年，中国实现了无脊髓灰质炎目标。2002年，中国决定将新生儿乙肝疫苗纳入国家免疫规划，国家免疫规划由接种4种疫苗预防6种传染病，扩大到接种5种疫苗预防7种传染病。2007年，国家决定实施扩大国家免疫规划，国家免疫规划疫苗增加到14种，预防15种传染病，免疫规划人群也从儿童扩展到成人。新一轮医改启动以来，国家免疫规划内容不断扩大，对于减少传染病发生、保护公众身体健康起到了积极作用，目前多数疫苗可预防传染病的发病已降至历史最低水平。

III. Infectious Disease Prevention and Treatment, and Health Emergency Management

Since the founding of New China, the Chinese government has persisted in the principle of "prevention first and integrating prevention with treatment" and continuously intensified efforts in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. By preventive inoculation, patriotic health campaigns and other prevention and control measures, China has succeeded in bringing down the morbidity of infectious diseases and brought their spread under control. China has basically brought under control the epidemics of such diseases as plague, cholera, kala-azar and leprosy since the 1950s. In 2011, the morbidity of Class A and B infectious diseases was kept at a low level - 241.4 per 100,000 people. All these measures help to safeguard the Chinese people's health and life.

National immunization program has been implemented. The national immunization program represents one of the most notable and influential undertakings of China's healthcare work. In the early 1960s, China eliminated smallpox through vaccine inoculation, a dozen years ahead before the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the eradication of the disease in 1980. China attained the goal of eliminating poliomyelitis in 2000. In 2002, the Chinese government decided to include hepatitis B vaccination for the newborn in the national immunization program, increasing the number of four vaccines against six infectious diseases to five vaccines against seven infectious diseases. In 2007, China decided to further expand the scope of the program, increasing the number of vaccines to 14 to prevent 15 infectious diseases and extending the scope of vaccination from children to including adults. Since the launch of the new round of medical reform, the scope of the national immunization program has kept expanding, and it has played a positive role in reducing the morbidity of infectious diseases and improving the health of the public. Already, the morbidity of most infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccination has fallen to the lowest level in history.

    重点传染病地方病得到有效控制。艾滋病、结核病、血吸虫病、包虫病、麻风病、疟疾等重大及重点传染病患者获得免费药物治疗。截至2011年，中国存活艾滋病病毒感染者和病人约为78万人，远低于将艾滋病病毒感染人数控制在150万以内的目标。传染性肺结核患病率降至66/10万，提前实现了联合国千年发展目标确定的结核病控制指标。所有血吸虫病流行县实现疫情控制目标，血吸虫病病人控制在32.6万。率先在全球83个丝虫病流行国家和地区中消除了丝虫病。提升以监测为核心的流感防控能力，2010年，中国疾病预防控制中心国家流感中心被正式命名为全球第五个流感参比和研究中心。稳步推进地方病防治工作，在国家层面实现消除碘缺乏病目标，大骨节病、克山病和氟中毒等病情得到有效控制，发病患者显著减少。

    爱国卫生运动卓有成效。爱国卫生运动是中国公众广泛参与、与公众健康密切相关的社会公益事业，迄今已开展60年。爱国卫生运动坚持预防为主的方针，通过开展除害灭病、健康教育和健康促进、农村改水改厕、国家卫生城镇创建、城乡环境卫生整治等，降低了传染病危害，提高了居民健康水平，形成了爱国卫生人人参与、健康生活人人共享的良好局面。截至目前，中国累计命名153个国家卫生城市、32个国家卫生区和456个国家卫生镇(县城)，并在此基础上探索国家健康城市(镇)创建工作。

Major infectious and endemic diseases have been brought under effective control. Patients of many major infectious diseases, such as AIDS, tuberculosis, snail fever, hydatid disease, leprosy and malaria, are provided medicines and treatment free of charge. In 2011, China's living HIV-infected persons and AIDS patients were estimated at 780,000, far below China's goal of controlling the HIV-infected population within 1.5 million. The morbidity of infectious tuberculosis has fallen to only 66 per 100,000 people, attaining the goal defined in the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. All counties where epidemics of snail fever used to break out have attained the goal of bringing under control such epidemics, limiting the number of snail fever patients to 326,000. China took the lead in eradicating filariasis among the 83 countries where epidemics of filariasis hit. China keeps improving its capabilities of influenza control and prevention, taking monitoring at the major task. In 2010, the National Influenza Center of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention was officially nominated the fifth WHO Collaboration Center for Reference and Research on Influenza. China steadily promotes endemic disease prevention and treatment. It has eradicated the diseases caused by iodine deficiency at the national level, and brought under effective control of Kashin-Beck disease, Keshan disease and fluorine poisoning, notably reducing the incidence of these diseases.

Patriotic health campaign has gained fruitful results. Patriotic health campaign, an invention of China that has been in existence for 60 years so far, is a social welfare undertaking featuring massive public participation and a close relationship with the public health. Following the principle of taking prevention first, the campaign has reduced the hazards of infectious diseases and promoted the public health through a series of measures, such as exterminating pests, health education and promotion, improving rural water supply and sanitation, building "healthy cities and towns," and improving the environmental hygiene in both urban and rural areas. A wholesome atmosphere is taking shape, with everyone participating in the campaign and enjoying a healthy lifestyle. Now, China is exploring a better working mechanism for building "healthy cities and towns," based on the 153 cities, 32 districts and 456 towns (counties) that have been nominated "healthy" for their wholesome surroundings.