1. Standard examination of extraocular eye movements, pupillary function, and fundoscopic examination are complemented by the "snap back test", which tests skin turgor.
外眼标准的检查包括眼球运动试验、瞳孔收缩功能、眼底镜析查及通过眼睑皮肤“捻回试验”，以测定皮肤的紧张度。
2. Schirmer testing and tear film breakup time are measures of a patient's tear quality and tear clearance apparatus. Levator excursion, the primary determinant of eyelid ptosis, is measured from downgaze to upgaze while blocking the brow.
Schirmer试验和泪膜破裂时间测定可以衡量患者的眼泪质量及其清除率。提上睑肌活动度的检查是上睑下垂的主要检查项目，通过阻止皱眉后嘱受检者向上注视和向下注视来判断下垂量。
3. Classically, blepharoplasty has involved resection of excess skin, fat and orbicularis muscle from the upper and lower eyelids. Through upper lid incisions, excess skin, fat, and muscle have been excised from several millimeters above the tarsus to just below the brow.
经典的睑成形术包括从上、下眼睑切除过多的皮肤、脂肪和眼轮匝肌。通过上睑切口,切除过剩的皮肤、脂肪和切除睑板上缘至眉下几毫米的肌肉。
4. Lower lid resection of skin and muscle occurs in an elliptical fashion at the lid margin. Small openings in the orbital septum hare facilitated remoral of excess herniated fat.
低位切除睑板前皮肤和肌肉可使睑缘呈椭圆形。在眶隔做小切口可方便地切除疝出的眶脂肪。
5. Current techniques in blepharoplasty have focused on redraping orbital contents rather than their resection. Such techniques evolved in response to earlier results, which left patients with a "skeletal" appearance from resectior of orbital fat and soft tissue.
现代重睑成形术强调重建眶内容物而非切除之。此技术的提出源于早期的手术效果，即过多地切除眶内脂肪和软组织之后，患者呈现“骷髅”样外貌。
6. Blindness caused by acute orbital hemorrhage occurs in less than 1%6 of patients. "Corneal injury can occur, but is minimized by the use of corneal shields.
急性眶内出血引起失明的发生率少于1%。术中使用角膜保护板，几乎可以使角膜的损伤降至最低。
7. Eyelid ptosis can occur postoperatively if the levator aponeurosis is injured. Thus, any injury of the levator must be repaired
immediately. Lagophthalmos, or eyelid retraction leading to coneal exposure, occurs to some degree in many patients in the early postoperative period.
提上睑肌腱膜受损可导致术后上睑下垂，所以必须立即修复受损的提上睑肌腱膜。术后早期,许多患者出现不同程度的眼睑闭合不全(兔眼或眼睑退缩)，导致角膜暴露。
8. It is well tolerated in the short-term with normal tear production. Persistent lagophthalmos may require surgical correction with a full-thickness skin graft. Ectropion, or an abnormal outward cant to the lower lid, is a common, devustating complication of blepharoplasty.
短期暴露(角膜)，在泪腺功能正常的患者，因有泪液的保护，角膜具有一定的耐受性。若持续性的眼睑闭合不全可能需要移植全厚皮片修复。睑外翻或下睑外翻是睑成形术一种常见的、具有破坏性的并发症。
9. Mild cases of ectropion may be treated conservatively in the acute period. However, progressive degrees of lid retraction must be addressed surgically.
早期的轻度外翻可以保守治疗，然而进行性的睑外翻则必须手术矫正。
10. The nasal pyramid consists of thick, glabrous skin overlying an osseocartilaginous framework. It can be divided roughly into thirds with the upper third containing the paired nasal bones, the middle third containing the upper lateral cartilages, and the lower third containing the tip-lobule complex.
鼻呈锥体形，由鼻骨和鼻软骨构成支架，其外覆盖厚而光滑的皮肤，内侧衬以黏膜。鼻大体分为三部分：上1/3含有成对鼻骨，中1/3含有上鼻侧软骨,下1/3含有下鼻侧软骨及复杂的鼻尖结构单位组成。
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