1. Alternatively, the nose can be divided into its four "aesthetic units": the nasion, the dorsum, the tip, and the base.

鼻可选择性地分为四个“美容单位”,即鼻根、鼻背、鼻尖和鼻底。

2. The nasal septum arises from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, and maxilla, and provides support to the nasal dorsum, upper lateral cartilages and lower lateral cartilages.

鼻中隔由源自筛骨垂直板、犁骨和上颌骨(组成)，为鼻背、上鼻侧软骨和下鼻侧软骨提供支撑。

3. The turbinates and nasal "valves”(internal and external) act as "resistors" to air flow.

鼻甲和鼻的“瓣膜”(内侧和外侧)充当“调节阀”，控制空气流通。

4. The nose has a rich vascular supply originating from the facial artery, the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery, and the infraorbital branch of the maxillary artery. The tip is supplied mainly by the angular artery, a branch of the lateral nasal artery.

鼻部有丰富的血供，分别来自面动脉、眼动脉的鼻背分支和上领动脉的眶下支。鼻尖血供主要来自鼻侧动脉的一个分支-角动脉。

5. Veins drain into the ophthalmic and anterior facial veins. Sensation is derived from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.

鼻静脉回流至眼静脉和面前静脉。鼻部感觉来自三叉神经的上颌支。

6. The rhinoplasty consultation elucidates a patient's aesthetic and functional complaints. The most frequent aesthetic complaints are a large dorsal hump, an unattractive tip, and a nose that is too wide.

前来咨询鼻整形的患者多有美容和功能方面的诉求。最常见的美容诉求是鼻背驼峰、鼻尖低平和鼻背太宽。

7.  Patients often complain of difficulty breathing through one or both nostrils, a manifestation of a deviated septum, hypertrophied turbinates, collapse of the nasal "valves" with inspiration, or a combination of these.

功能方面的主诉是一个或两个鼻孔不通气、鼻中隔偏曲、鼻甲肥大以及“鼻瓣”功能衰退,或者综合了以上诉求。

8. The four external aesthetic areas of the nose -the radix, dorsum,tip, and base- are inspected in front of a large mirror, with patient and surgeon focusing on potential areas of change.

在一面大镜子前,医师和患者对四个美容单位-鼻根、鼻背、鼻尖和鼻底进行检查,特别要关注有潜在的欲手术改变的区域。

9. Next, the surgeon examines the internal nose with a nasal speculum and headlight. Attention is directed to external and internal nasal valves during inspiration and expiration, the nasal septum, the turbinates, and the nasal mucosa.

然后，手术医师用鼻内镜和头灯检查鼻腔，注意吸气和呼气时外鼻和鼻瓣，包括鼻中隔、鼻甲和鼻黏膜的变化。

10. The Cottle maneuver, wherein the surgeon relives collapse of the internal nasal valve by lateral retraction on the cheek, determines whether cartilaginous "spread" grafts between the nasal septum and the upper lateral cartilages will improve airflow in the nasal airway.

在模拟手术中，向外牵拉颊部以了解鼻腔内“鼻甲”的萎陷情况，并确定在鼻中隔和上外侧软骨之间是否需要做软骨“扩展式”移植以改善鼻道通气。

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