1. Malfunction of the pancreas disrupts the balance of blood sugar levels. Circulation is slowed down if the blood becomes excessively viscous. Circulatory disorders may occur when fatty deposits adhere to the lumen of the arteries, thus decreasing the flow of blood.
胰腺功能异常会破坏血糖的平衡。如果血液过于黏稠,会使血循环变慢。当脂肪性沉积物黏附于动脉管腔上，妨碍血液流动时,血循环就会发生紊乱。
2. The islets of Langerhans (in the pancreas) secrete two hormones: insulin and glucagon. The primary function of each is to regulate carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin causes a decrease in blood sugar; glucagon increases it.
胰腺中的胰岛分泌两种激素:胰岛素和高血糖素。两者的基本功能是调节碳水化合物的代谢。胰岛素使血中的糖减少，高血糖素使血液中的糖升高。
3. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. It is a simple protein of 51 amino acids, consisting of two peptide chains held together by disulfide bridges. If the source of insulin is destroyed, a sequence of events occurs characterized by......
胰岛素是由胰岛中的B细胞产生。它是由51个氨基酸构成的简单蛋白质，包括由二硫化物桥连接在一起的两个多肽链。如果胰岛素的来源被破坏，就会产生以下后果......
4. The skin contains many sensory nerve endings that keep the body informed of the external environment, as well as numerous blood vessels which aid in temperature regulation. The skin is continuous with mucous membrane at the external opening of organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems.
皮肤包含许多感觉神经末梢，使身体能感知外部环境,还包含许多(微细)血管，参与体温调节。皮肤与消化、呼吸和泌尿生殖系统外口的黏膜相连续。
5. Sweat glands are found over most of the body surface. Only small areas over the glans penis, the margins of the lips, the surface of the external ear, and the nail bed are free from sweat glands. They are heavily concentrated over the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
汗腺分布在大部分体表。除阴茎头的小部分，唇缘、外耳的表面和甲床没有汗腺外，大部集中在手掌和脚底。
6. Unusually large sweat glands are found in the axilla(armpit),anal region, and scrotum or labia majora. These glands arise embryonically from hair follicles, so most of their ducts open into hair follicles; others become separated and open independently of the hair follicle. Sweat from these cells contains parts of the secretory cells. Hence, these glands are of an apocrine type. They undergo hypertrophy at puberty and, in the female, enlarge and recede with each menstrual cycle. Both types of sweat glands are stimulated to activity by heat pain, or stress.
大汗腺通常位于腋窝、肛门周围、阴囊或大阴唇处。这些腺体由胎儿的毛囊发育而来，因此大部分导管开口于毛囊；其余的与毛囊分开，有单独的在皮肤上的开口。来自这些细胞的汁液含有进行分泌的细胞的一部分。因此，这些腺体是顶浆泌腺。它们在青春期变得肥大，在女性随月经周期而膨胀或缩小。两种汗腺都会因热、疼痛或紧张而活跃。
7. The exchange produces a large chromosome that includes most of both chromosomes 15 and 21, and a very small chromosome that contains the smaller fragments of the original chromosomes. The large chromosome is designated as the 15/21 chromosome; the smaller contains few genes and is usually lost from the cell.
这种交换的结果是产生出包含大部分第21和第15号染色体的大染色体和只含较少片段的微小染色体。大染色体表示为15/21染色体；小染色体几乎不含基团，且通常从细胞中消失，
8. Other structural changes of chromosomes produce several genetic diseases. Some of these are caused by inversions, which occur when a piece of chromosome breaks away, inverts, and fuses back into its original position with its ends reversed. Some genetic traits result from duplication or doubling of a limited part of a chromosome.
染色体其他结构性的变异也会引起几种遗传性疾病。其中包括染色体倒位，也就是染色体的一段断裂，翻转，调头融合到原来的位置上。某些遗传特征则是染色体的有限部分加倍的结果。
9. Four types of eggs can result when a 15/21 translocation occurs during meiosis in a human female. If fertilized by a normal sperm, each egg will produce a different zygote. 15/21chromosome, one No.15 chromosome, and one No. 21 chromosome will develop as normal children.
当15/21染色体易位在女性减数分裂中发生时，可能出现4种卵细胞。若由正常精子受精，每种卵细胞都会发育成一种不同的合子。一个15号染色体和一个21号染色体的合子将发育成正常的孩子。
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