人非草木,孰能无情? 译者是人,自然也不例外。在翻译尤其是文学翻译过程中,译者往往会因为情感的投入或者思维惯性于不知不觉中对故事中的人物产生偏见,进而或美化或丑化他们。这个问题似乎还没有引起译界应有的重视。目前我们所发现的译论中,惟有申丹教授的“试论小说翻译中译者的客观性”。“在翻译小说时,译文能否忠实于原文在一定程度上取决于译者能否保持不偏不倚的态度。”申丹教授指出,译者翻译小说时往往会“因为情感的投入而对故事中的人物带有偏见。”
申丹教授在介绍了小说塑造人物性格的两种基本方法(即①通过叙述者的评论来直接道出人物的性格;②通过展示人物的言行来间接地反映出人物的性格)之后,指出“叙述者的直接评论有时是建立在人物言行之上的(或是对前面人物言行的总结或后有人物的言行来证实),有时则‘孤军奋战’,没有人物的言行来‘配合行动’。
笔者
认为在遇到后一种情况时译者的客观性尤为重要,因为在这种情况下,叙述者的话成了判断人物(某方面))性格的惟一依据,而译者对叙述者评论的改动无疑会较严重地
歪曲人物的形象。我们不妨以《红楼梦》第二回里的一段作为例证:
……(雨村)虽才干优长,未免贪酷;且恃才侮上,那同寅皆侧目而视,不上一年,便被上司参了一本。
(A)But although a capable administrator Yu-tsun was grasping and ruthless,while his arrogance and insolence to his superiors made them view him with
disfavour.In less than two years they found a chance to impeach him.
(B) But although his intelligence and ability were outstanding,these qualities were unfortunately offset by a certain cupidity and harshness and a tendency
to use his intelligence in order to outwit his superiors;all of which caused his fellow-officials to cast envious glances in his direction with the result that in less than a year an unfavourable report was sent in by a senior official stating that...
(C)...in spite of the excellence and sufficiency of his accomplishments and abilities,he could not escape being ambitious and overbearing.He failed besides,
confident as he was in his own merits,in respect toward his superiors, with the result that these officials looked upon him scornfully with the corner of the eye. A year had hardly elapsed, when he was readily denounced in a memorial to the Throne by the High Provincial authorities...
这段话的前半部分‘(雨村)虽才干优长,未免贪酷;且恃才侮上’是叙述者对贾雨村的直接评论。它没有人物的言行来“配合行动”,属于较为典型的“孤军奋战”的那种类型。正这段话之前,叙述者一直在对贾雨村作正面描写。在第一回中,叙述者用展示的手法将贾雨村描写成一位相貌堂堂、才华横溢、抱负不凡的穷儒。第二回一开始,又描述了贾雨村知恩图报、重感情、有同情心的品德。接下来的这段反面评论很有点突如其来,出乎人的意料,但作为译者则必须接受它。在小说中,尽管人们常常不愿看到人物的品质发生坏的变化,但人物却往往具有能产生张力的矛盾对立的复杂性格。要在目标语言中忠实地再现人物,就必须客观地译入人物性格中的矛盾性和复杂性,毋庸置疑,“贪酷”“恃才侮上”等是原文中雨村这一人物的本质性特征,应在译文中予以保留。
在上面所引的三种不同译文中,译文(A)较为客观地传递了原文中的信息。译文(B)却不够客观,文中的‘unfortunately’一词为译者所加,它表达出叙述者对人物的同情,缩短了叙事距离。‘贪酷’的‘酷’字被译为‘harshness’,如果说原文里的‘酷’字仅为贬义的话,译文(B)的‘harshness’则也可表达‘严厉’‘无情’等较为中性的意思。尤其值得注意的是,原文中充满贬义的‘恃才侮上’这一词语在译文(B) 中变成了 相当中性的‘a tendency to use his intelligence in order to outwit his superiors’。这样一来,对上司的‘侮慢’就变成了‘在才智上超过’;被译者添加的‘a tendency’这两个字也起了柔化语气的作用。同样,原文中的‘侧目而视’被译成了‘cast envious glances in his direction’,其结果同僚对雨村傲慢行为的忿忿不平就变成了对雨村才华的妒忌之感。此外,原文中的‘上司’一词被译成单数的 ‘a senior official’,这使人容易联想到弹劾人的个人偏见(请比较另两种译文的复数译法)。