袁枚说过:“一切诗文,总须字立纸上,不可字卧纸上。人活则立, 人死则卧。用笔亦然。”动词的锤炼是使字“立于纸上”的重要一环。 《红楼梦》非常讲究对动词的锤炼。比如,贾家小姐的丫鬟以“琴棋书画”四字取名,本来最俗,可是,作者在这四字上加四个动词,成了“抱琴”、“司棋”、“侍书”、“人画”,从而变得“俗中不俗”了。曹雪芹锤炼动词的功夫之深,由此可见一斑。下面的举例会进一步证明《红楼梦》对 动词的运用达到了出神入化的境地。
1)雨村另有一只船,带两个小童,依附黛玉而行。(第三回)
杨译:
...followed by Yucun and two pages in another junk.
霍译:
There was a separate boat for Yu-cun and a couple of servant-boys to wait on him, and he too now embarked in the capacity of Dai-yu's escort.
2) 罕言寡语,人谓藏愚,安分随时,自云守拙。(第八回)
杨译:
Some might think her reticence a cloak for stupidity; but circumspect as she was she prided herself on her simplicity.
霍译:
...to some her studied taciturnity
might seem to savour of duplicity;
but she herself saw in conformity
the means of guarding her simplicity.
毫无疑问,词语的感情色彩和作者本身的情感直接相关,“凡情之至者,其文未有不至者也。”例1说老师“依附”门生,而不用“跟着”、 “依傍”等词,是大有深意的。曹雪芹抓住正文的描写,寓贬义于动词中,对那位善于攀附钻营的贾雨村,想趁送黛玉进京之机投靠贾府,给予了尖锐的讽刺。例2十六字可谓宝钗写真,是作者对她的独特评价:不愚“藏”愚,不拙“守”拙;人家说是“藏”,自己说是“守”——两字似褒而实贬,充分道出了宝钗恪守封建道德的虚伪性格。
我们知道,在翻译过程中,“词汇的同性并不是原封不动地从原文搬到译文,而要服从于译文的语言习惯,而词汇感情色彩的翻译一般应严格按照原文的精神来进行,而不是像词汇的词性翻译那样受译文的支配。”正如霍克斯在其英译本的序言中所说的那样:My one abiding principle has been to translate everything — even puns. 以上两例的霍译本与杨译本相比,虽然篇幅较长,但却更全面地传达了原文的精神。可见译者在理解原文旨意的基础上,于译 入语的措词中也是下了一番工夫的。
3)史湘云道你不说你的话噎人,倒说人性急。”(第三十二回)
杨译:
“You won't admit how provoking you are, yet scold me for flaring up. ”
霍译:
‘Don't,whatever you do,admit that what you said was wounding,' said Xiang-yun. 'say I'm “excitable” and put me in the wrong!'