对于一些废弃不用或陈腐的意象在翻译时应该舍去意象,仅保留意义。许多学者就曾指出,像“as white as snow”,“as black as coal”,"as cold as ice”一类短语,“除了说某物是白、黑、冷之外,再也没有表达其他任何含义(to say absolutely nothing about the object beyond saying that it is white, or black or cold)”。所以,译者不必刻意去表现原语的意象,而应像纽马克所说的,宁愿将意象转化为意义:
①Thucydides is cool as a cucumber upon every act of atrocity.
修昔的底斯在描述每一暴行的时候都保持非常冷静的态度。(《综合英语成语词典》,1985:203)
②He turned as quick as a flash and hit his attacker as hard as he could.
他飞速地转过身去,给来犯者以狠狠的打击。(《综合英语成语词典》,1985:796)
③I advise you not to do business with him -- he's as slippery as an eel.
我劝你不要同他做买卖,这个人非常皎猾。(《综合英语成语词典》,1985:930)
2) 常规或标准意象是语言中意象的主体部分,是语言交际中十分活跃,很容易为人们所接受,但又末因过度使用而变得陈腐, 失去联想的意象,正是这些意象“推动着世界和社会前进——它们润滑着前进的车轮” 。
常规或标准意象在所有的意象中数量最大、最为复杂,因此也最难处理。通常有四种处理方法:用对应意象代换,保留部分意象并用释义补偿,归化和释义。
(1) 用对应意象代换。由于人类语言的共性,文化的相似性和人类的领悟能力,在不同的语言中我们均能找到或发现彼此基本对应或基本类似的意象。例如:
an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 以眼还眼,以牙还牙
kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕(一石二鸟)
Walls have ears.隔墙有耳。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实
a. Those who made large profits out of illegally selling rationed goods during World War II were fishing in troubled waters.
那些在二次世界大战期间非法倒卖配售物资而发了大财的人是混水摸鱼。