国防费的国际比较
在2017年国防费位居世界前列的国家中，中国国防费无论是占国内生产总值和国家财政支出的比重，还是国民人均和军人人均数额，都处于较低水平。
中国已成为世界第二大经济体。国防费规模居于世界第二位，是由中国的国防需求、经济体量、防御性国防政策所决定的。从开支总量看，2017年中国国防费不到美国的四分之一。
Comparison of Defense Expenditure in the International Context
Among countries ranking high in defense expenditure in 2017, China’s share of defense expenditure in GDP and government expenditure, as well as per capita and per-serviceperson defense spending, are all at a relatively low level.
China has become the world’s second largest economy. The fact that China’s defense expenditure ranks second in the world is determined by the demands of its national defense, the size of its economy, and the defensive nature of its national defense policy. In terms of total spending, China’s defense expenditure in 2017 was less than a quarter of that of the US.
从国防费占国内生产总值比重看，2012年至2017年，中国国防费占国内生产总值平均比重约为1.3%，美国约为3.5%、俄罗斯约为4.4%、印度约为2.5%、英国约为2.0%、法国约为2.3%、日本约为1.0%、德国约为1.2%。中国国防费占国内生产总值的平均比重在国防费位居世界前列的国家中排在第六位，是联合国安理会常任理事国中最低的。
As a percentage of GDP, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was about 1.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 3.5%, Russia 4.4%, India 2.5%, the UK 2.0%, France 2.3%, Japan 1.0%, and Germany 1.2%. China ranks 6th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP on average and is the lowest among the permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC).
从国防费占财政支出比重看，2012年至2017年，中国国防费占财政支出平均比重约为5.3%，美国约为9.8%、俄罗斯约为12.4%、印度约为9.1%、英国约为4.8%、法国约为4.0%、日本约为2.5%、德国约为2.8%。中国国防费占财政支出的平均比重排在第四位。
从人均国防费水平看，2017年中国国民人均国防费为750元人民币，约相当于美国的5%、俄罗斯的25%、印度的231%、英国的13%、法国的16%、日本的29%、德国的20%。中国军人人均国防费为52.16万元人民币，约相当于美国的15%、俄罗斯的119%、印度的166%、英国的27%、法国的38%、日本的35%、德国的30%。中国国民人均国防费排在第七位，军人人均国防费排在第六位。
As a ratio of spending to government expenditure, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was 5.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 9.8%, Russia 12.4%, India 9.1%, the UK 4.8%, France 4.0%, Japan 2.5%, and Germany 2.8%. China ranks 4th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure on average.
China’s per capita defense expenditure in 2017 was RMB750 – 5% of the US, 25% of Russia, 231% of India, 13% of the UK, 16% of France, 29% of Japan, and 20% of Germany. China’s per-serviceperson defense expenditure was RMB521,600 – 15% of the US, 119% of Russia, 166% of India, 27% of the UK, 38% of France, 35% of Japan, and 30% of Germany. China’s defense expenditure ranks 7th and 6th in per capita and per-serviceperson terms respectively among these countries.
中国坚持执行国防费报告和公布制度。1978年以来，中国政府每年向全国人大提交财政预算报告，并对外公布年度国防费预算总额。1995年，中国政府发布《中国的军备控制与裁军》白皮书，向世界公布国防费情况。2007年以来，中国参加联合国军费透明制度，每年向联合国提交上一财政年度国防费基本数据，按现役部队、预备役部队、民兵等类别，提交人员生活费、训练维持费、装备费三大类开支数额和国防费总额，并说明中国国防费的主要用途和占国内生产总值比重。
China reports and releases its defense expenditure through various mechanisms. Since 1978, the Chinese government has submitted annual budget reports to the National People’s Congress and released the total amount of defense budget. In 1995, the Chinese government issued a white paper, China: Arms Control and Disarmament, releasing data concerning its defense expenditure to the world. Since 2007, China has joined the UN Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures and has submitted annually to the UN the basic data on its defense expenditure for the latest fiscal year, reporting total spending as well as personnel expenses, training and sustainment expenses, and equipment expenses for the active force, reserve force and the militia respectively, along with an explanation of the application of China’s defense expenditure and its ratio to GDP.
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