(三)社会建设全面进步，各项事业呈现欣欣向荣的局面
旧西藏没有一所现代意义上的学校，寺院垄断着教育，仅有极少数僧官学校，绝大多数学生是贵族子弟，广大农奴和奴隶被剥夺了受教育的权利，适龄儿童入学率不到2%，青壮年文盲率高达95%，现代科技更是一片空白。1951年至2010年，国家累计投入西藏教育经费407.3亿元，有力地推动西藏教育事业发展。如今，西藏已经建立起一个涵盖幼儿教育、小学教育、中学教育、职业教育、高等教育、成人教育、特殊教育等具有地方特色和民族特点的现代教育体系。2010年，西藏拥有普通高等教育院校6所，各级中学122所，小学872所，各类在校学生达50多万人。内地西藏班在校生总数2万余人；在内地12省市42所学校开办中职班。目前，西藏适龄儿童入学率、初中入学率、高中入学率和高等教育毛入学率分别达到99.2%、98.2%、60.1%和23.4%，青壮年文盲率下降到1.2%，15周岁以上人口人均受教育年限达到7.3年。国家对农牧民子女和城镇困难家庭子女实行包吃、包住、包学习费用的“三包”政策，涵盖学前、小学、初中和高中阶段，目前，“三包”经费年补助标准达到2000元。科技事业从无到有，迅速发展。2010年，西藏共有各类独立科研院所34所、民营科研机构9所、农牧技术推广机构140个，各类专业技术人员52107人，完成国家及自治区重点科技项目3253项。经济发展中的科技含量明显提高，其中科技对经济增长的贡献率达到33%，对农牧业增长的贡献率达到40%。
3. Tibetan society has progressed in an all-round way, with all social undertakings flourishing.
In old Tibet there was not a single school in the modern sense. Education was monopolized by monasteries, and there were only a limited number of schools run by monks and officials. Almost all students in such schools were children of the nobility. The masses of serfs and slaves had been robbed off the right of receiving education. The enrollment rate for school-age children was less than 2 percent, while the illiteracy rate was as high as 95 percent among the young and the middle-aged, to say nothing of ignorance of modern science and technology. From 1951 to 2010 the central government invested 40.73 billion yuan to give a boost to Tibet’s education. Now, Tibet has basically established an educational system with special local flavor and minority ethnic characteristics, which includes pre-school, primary and middle schools, secondary vocational and technical schools, institutions of higher learning, and adult and special education institutions. In 2010 Tibet had six institutions of higher learning, 122 junior and senior high schools, and 872 primary schools. The total enrollment was over 500,000. More than 20,000 Tibetan students are studying in Tibetan classes in schools of the hinterland. In 12 hinterland provinces and municipalities of China, 42 secondary vocational schools have classes for Tibetan students. Now the enrollment rate for primary school-age children of the Tibetan ethnic group has reached 99.2 percent; that for junior high school, 98.2 percent; that for senior high school, 60.1 percent; and that for institutions of higher learning, 23.4 percent. The illiteracy rate among the young and the middle-aged has fallen to 1.2 percent. The average educational period of people above 15 years old in Tibet has reached 7.3 years. The children enjoy “three guarantees” for compulsory education, i.e., the state guarantees all tuition as well as food and lodging expenses for students from Tibet’s farming, pastoral or impoverished urban families from the pre-school period all the way to the senior high school period. Subsidies for each student in this regard have reached 2,000 yuan per year.
Science and technology in Tibet started from scratch and are growing rapidly. In 2010 Tibet had 34 independent scientific research institutes at various levels, nine private research centers, 140 organizations at various levels for popularizing science and technology in the fields of agriculture and animal husbandry, and 52,107 professional technical personnel who have com-pleted 3,253 key scientific and technological programs at the autonomous region and state levels. The scientific and technol-ogical content of economic development has increased mark-edly. The rate of contribution made by science and technology to overall economic growth has reached 33 percent, and that to the growth of agriculture and animal husbandry, 40 percent.
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