一、减缓气候变化
“十一五”期间，中国加快转变经济发展方式，通过调整产业结构和能源结构、节约能源提高能效、增加碳汇等多种途径控制温室气体排放，取得了显著成效。
(一)优化产业结构
I. Mitigating Climate Change
During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China accelerated the transformation of its economic development mode, and achieved remarkable results in controlling greenhouse gas emission by promoting industrial restructuring, energy restructuring and energy conservation, improving energy efficiency, and increasing carbon sink.
1. Optimizing Industrial Structure
改造提升传统产业。制定和发布汽车、钢铁等十大重点产业调整和振兴规划，修订《产业结构调整指导目录》，出台《关于抑制部分行业产能过剩和重复建设引导产业健康发展的若干意见》。提高高耗能行业准入门槛，对固定资产投资项目进行节能评估和审查，加强传统产业的技术改造和升级，促进企业兼并重组，调整出口退税政策，对煤炭、部分有色金属、钢坯和化肥等产品征收出口关税，抑制高耗能、高排放和资源性产品出口。加快淘汰落后产能。通过“上大压小”，累计关停小火电机组7682万千瓦，淘汰落后炼钢产能7200万吨、炼铁产能1.2亿吨、水泥产能3.7亿吨、焦炭产能1.07亿吨、造纸产能1130万吨、玻璃产能4500万重量箱。电力行业30万千瓦以上火电机组占火电装机容量比重由2005年的47％上升到2010年的71％，钢铁行业1000立方米以上大型高炉炼铁产能比重由48％上升到61％，电解铝行业大型预焙槽产量比重由80％提升到90％以上。钢铁、水泥、有色、机械、汽车等重点行业的集中度明显提高，重点行业能耗水平显著降低。2005年到2010年，火电供电煤耗由370克／千瓦时降到333克／千瓦时，下降10％；吨钢综合能耗由694千克标准煤降到605千克标准煤，下降12.8％；水泥综合能耗下降24.6％；乙烯综合能耗下降11.6％；合成氨综合能耗下降14.3％。
Reforming and upgrading traditional industries. China has formulated and released plans for restructuring and rejuvenating ten major industries, including automobiles, and iron and steel, revised the Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring, and issued the Opinions on Curbing Overcapacity and Redundant Construction in Some Industries and Guiding the Sound Development of Industries. China has raised the market entry threshold for high-energy-consuming industries, conducted energy conservation evaluation and examination of fixed asset investment projects, enhanced technology transformation and upgrading in traditional industries, promoted corporate merger and restructuring, adjusted export tax rebate policies, imposed export duties on coal, some nonferrous metals, steel billets and chemical fertilizers, and restrained the export of high-energy-consuming, high-emission and high-resource-consuming products. Efforts have been made to accelerate the pace of eliminating backward production capacity. By implementing the policy of "replacing small thermal power generating units with larger ones," China shut down small thermal power generating units with a total generating capacity of 76.82 million kw, and eliminated backward steel production capacity to the tune of 72 million tons; iron production capacity, 120 million tons; cement production capacity, 370 million tons; coke production capacity, 107 million tons; paper production capacity, 11.3 million tons; and glass production capacity, 45 million cases. The proportion of thermal power generating units with a generation capacity above 300,000 kw each in China's thermal power installed capacity increased from 47 percent in 2005 to 71 percent in 2010; the proportion of large iron production blast furnaces with an capacity above 1,000 cu m each increased from 48 percent to 61 percent; and the proportion of the output of large aluminum electrolysis prebaking tanks increased from 80 percent to above 90 percent. The industry concentration in the iron, steel, cement, nonferrous metals, machinery and automobile sectors among other key industries was remarkably improved, while energy consumption in major industries was dramatically reduced. From 2005 to 2010, coal consumption in thermal power supply dropped 10 percent from 370 to 333 g/kwh; comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel decreased 12.8 percent from 694 to 605 kg of standard coal; that in cement production, down by 24.6 percent; that of ethylene production, down by 11.6 percent; and that of synthetic ammonia production, 14.3 percent.
上一篇：《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动（2011）》（中英对照）II
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