中国仍然是一个发展中国家。与世界贸易强国相比，中国出口产业仍处于全球产业链的低端，资源、能源等要素投入和环境成本还比较高，企业国际竞争力、一些行业的抗风险能力相对较弱等。实现由贸易大国向贸易强国的转变，将是一个较为长期的进程，还需要付出艰苦努力。
二、中国外贸体制的改革与完善
改革开放前，中国对外贸易实行指令性计划管理和国家统负盈亏。改革开放以来，中国外贸体制经历了由指令性计划管理到发挥市场机制的基础性作用、由经营权高度垄断到全面放开、由企业吃国家“大锅饭”到自主经营和自负盈亏的转变。在中国争取恢复关税与贸易总协定缔约方地位和加入世界贸易组织的谈判过程中，在中国加入世界贸易组织后，中国的外贸体制逐步与国际贸易规则接轨，建立起统一、开放、符合多边贸易规则的对外贸易制度。
China remains a developing country. Compared with other world trade powers, China's export industry remains at the low end of the global industrial chain. China's resource and energy inputs and environmental cost are relatively high, while the international competitiveness of enterprises and the risk-resistance of some industries are relatively weak. China's transformation from a large trading country to a strong trading power will be a comparatively long-term process requiring arduous efforts.
II. Reform of and Improvements to China's Foreign Trade System
Before China adopted the reform and opening up policy in 1978, its foreign trade was governed by mandatory planning, and the state absorbed both the profits and the losses of enterprises. Since the reform and opening up policy was initiated, China's foreign trade system has completed the transformation from mandatory planning to giving full play to the fundamental role of the market - from state monopoly to full openness, and from indiscriminate egalitarianism to giving enterprises discretionary management power and making them responsible for their own profits and losses. During the negotiations over the restoration of its GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) membership and entry into the WTO, and after it became a WTO member, China gradually adopted international trade practices, and established a unified, open foreign trade system compatible with multilateral trade rules.
改革开放初期，中国外贸体制改革主要是改革单一计划管理体制，下放外贸管理权和经营权，实行外汇留成制度并建立外汇调剂市场。吸收外商直接投资，使外商投资企业作为新的经营主体进入外贸领域，打破了国有外贸企业的垄断。此后，中国推行了外贸经营承包制，用指导性计划逐步取代指令性计划。按照国际贸易通行规则，建立了出口退税制度。1992年10月，中国明确提出建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标。根据这一目标，对财政、税收、金融、外贸和外汇体制进行了全面改革。1994年1月，中国政府取消对出口的所有财政补贴，进出口企业转变为完全自负盈亏。人民币官方汇率与市场调剂汇率并轨，实行以市场供求为基础、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制度。外贸经营领域进行了企业股份化和进出口代理制试点。同年，《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》正式颁布实施，确立了维护公平、自由的对外贸易秩序等原则，奠定了对外贸易的基本法律制度。1996年12月，中国实现了人民币经常项目下可兑换。与此同时，中国多次大幅度自主降低关税，减少配额和许可证等非关税措施。这些改革使中国初步建立起以市场经济为基础，充分发挥汇率、税收、关税、金融等经济杠杆作用的外贸管理体制和调控体系。
2001年12月11日，历经16年谈判，中国成为世界贸易组织第143个成员。根据加入世界贸易组织的承诺，中国扩大了在工业、农业、服务业等领域的对外开放，加快推进贸易自由化和贸易投资便利化。在履行承诺过程中，中国深化外贸体制改革，完善外贸法律法规体系，减少贸易壁垒和行政干预，理顺政府在外贸管理中的职责，促进政府行为更加公开、公正和透明，推动开放型经济进入一个新的发展阶段。
During the initial period of reform and opening up, China's foreign trade system reform focused on the transformation of its unitary planning, transfer of management and operation power in foreign trade to lower levels, implementation of the system of allowing enterprises to retain a certain portion of foreign exchange earnings, and establishment of a foreign exchange coordination market. China absorbed foreign direct investment to introduce foreign-invested enterprises as new business entities in its foreign trade sector, breaking the monopoly of state-owned foreign trade enterprises. After that, China introduced a responsibility system in doing foreign trade, gradually replacing mandatory planning with guided planning. The state also set up an export tax rebates system in line with the general practice of international trade. In October 1992, China clearly put forward the goal of reform toward a socialist market economy. A comprehensive reform of the systems of finance, taxation, banking, foreign trade and foreign exchange was carried out accordingly. In January 1994, the Chinese government discontinued all export subsidies, making all import and export enterprises fully responsible for their own profits and losses. The official and market-regulated exchange rates of China's currency, the Renminbi (RMB), coexisted in a unitary and managed floating exchange rate system based on market demand and supply. Foreign trade enterprises were incorporated, and pilot programs for the import and export agency system were carried out. In the same year, the Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated, establishing principles such as safeguarding a foreign trade order of equity and freedom, and a basic legal system for foreign trade. In December 1996, China realized current account convertibility for the RMB. Meanwhile, China voluntarily made significant tariff cuts, and reduced non-tariff measures such as quotas and licenses. These reform measures helped China initially establish a foreign trade administration and regulation system based on the market economy, giving full play to such economic levers as the exchange rate, taxation, tariffs and finance.
On December 11, 2001, China became the 143rd member country of the World Trade Organization after 16 years of negotiations. To honor its commitments upon entry into the WTO, China expanded its opening-up in the fields of industry, agriculture and the services trade, and accelerated trade and investment facilitation and liberalization. Meanwhile, the state deepened the reform of its foreign trade system, improved its foreign trade legal system, reduced trade barriers and administrative intervention, rationalized government responsibilities in foreign trade administration, made government behavior more open, more impartial and more transparent, and promoted the development of an open economy to a new stage. (more)
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