20世纪80年代，中国颁布《矿产资源法》，对国家规划矿区、对国民经济具有重要价值的矿区和国家实行保护性开采的特定矿种，实行有计划的开采。1991年，中国决定将离子型稀土矿产列为国家实行保护性开采的矿种，从开采、选冶、加工到市场销售、出口等各个环节实行有计划的统一管理。2006年，中国实施稀土开采总量控制管理。2007年，将稀土生产纳入指令性生产计划管理。2008年国家发布《全国矿产资源规划》(2008—2015年)，对稀土等保护性开采特定的矿种实行规划调控、限制开采、严格准入和综合利用。2009年，国家将保护性开采特定矿种的勘查、开采的登记、审批权限上收。2011年，国家统一调整了稀土矿原矿资源税税额标准，调整后的税额标准为：轻稀土(包括氟碳铈矿、独居石矿)60元/吨；中重稀土(包括磷钇矿、离子型稀土矿)30元/吨，比调整前的0.4元/吨—2元/吨的税额标准有了大幅度提高。国家还建立稀土战略储备制度，实施稀土资源地储备和产品储备，划定首批11个稀土国家规划矿区，编制完成稀土资源重点规划区(矿区)专项规划。严格矿业权管理，实施矿业权设置方案制度，原则上继续暂停受理新的稀土勘查、开采登记申请，禁止现有开采矿山扩大产能。严格控制开采、生产总量，降低资源开发强度，延缓资源衰竭，促进可持续发展。
According to China's Mineral Resources Law promulgated in the 1980s, the state adopts a policy of planned exploitation with regard to mining areas that are embraced in state plans and are of great value to the national economy and specified minerals for which protective exploitation is prescribed by the state. In 1991, China prescribed protective exploitation for ion-absorption rare earth resources, exercising planned, unified control in all related procedures, including mining, dressing, smelting, processing, selling and export. In 2006, China began to exercise total-amount control over the exploitation of rare earths. In 2007, the state incorporated the production of rare earths into management by mandatory planning. In 2008, the state issued the National Plan for Mineral Resources (2008-2015) to exercise planned regulation and control, restrictive exploitation, tightened access and comprehensive utilization for rare earths and some other specified mineral resources, of which protective exploitation is prescribed by the state. In 2009, the state took back the power for registering, examining and approving the prospecting and mining of specified minerals, of which protective exploitation is prescribed by the state. In 2011, China adjusted the tax rates on mining of rare earths. The adjusted new tax rate for light rare earths (including bastnaesite and monazite) is 60 yuan per tonne, and for middle and heavy rare earths (including xenotime and ion-absorption rare earths) is 30 yuan per tonne, much higher than the rates before the adjustment, which ranged from 0.4 yuan per tonne to 2 yuan per tonne. The state also established a strategic reserve system and kept the rare earth reserves in the form of resources and products, designated the first 11 rare earth mining areas to be embraced in state plans, and formulated a special plan for key rare earth mining areas. China has tightened control on mining rights and enforced a system of mining rights allocation plans. In principle, the state has put a moratorium on accepting new registration applications for rare earth prospecting and mining, and prohibits existing mines from expanding their production capacities. The state exercises strict control over the total rare earth mining and production volumes to reduce resources development intensity, slow the depletion of resources, and advance sustainable development.
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