稀土是元素周期表中镧系元素镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钷(Pm)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、铽(Tb)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)、镥(Lu)，加上与其同族的钪(Sc)和钇(Y)，共17种元素的总称。按元素原子量及物理化学性质，分为轻、中、重稀土元素，前5种元素为轻稀土，其余为中重稀土。稀土因其独特的物理化学性质，广泛应用于新能源、新材料、节能环保、航空航天、电子信息等领域，是现代工业中不可或缺的重要元素。
中国拥有较为丰富的稀土资源，中国的稀土储量约占世界总储量的23%。中国的稀土资源主要有以下特点：
Rare earths are a group of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table of the elements, i.e., Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb) and Lutecium (Lu), and their congeners Scandium (Sc) and Yttrium (Y). According to their atomic weights and physicochemical properties, they are divided into light, middle and heavy rare earth elements. The first five above-mentioned elements are light ones, and the rest are either middle or heavy ones. Because of their unique physicochemical properties, rare earth elements are considered indispensable in modern industry as they are extensively used in areas such as new energy, new materials, energy conservation and environmental protection, aeronautics and astronautics and electronic information, to name but a few.
China is relatively abundant in rare earth resources, and its rare earth reserves account for approximately 23 percent of the world's total. China's rare earth resources display the following characteristics:
——资源赋存分布“北轻南重”。轻稀土矿主要分布在内蒙古包头等北方地区和四川凉山，离子型中重稀土矿主要分布在江西赣州、福建龙岩等南方地区。
——资源类型较多。稀土矿物种类丰富，包括氟碳铈矿、独居石矿、离子型矿、磷钇矿、褐钇铌矿等，稀土元素较全。离子型中重稀土矿在世界上占有重要地位。
- Their distribution presents a "light north, heavy south" pattern. Light rare earth mines are mainly located in Baotou of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and other northern areas, as well as in Liangshan of Sichuan Province, while ion-absorbed-type middle and heavy rare earth deposits are mainly found in Ganzhou of Jiangxi Province, Longyan of Fujian Province, and some other southern areas.
- The types of rare earth resources are rather diversified. China has a rich variety of rare earth minerals, including bastnaesite, monazite, ion-absorption minerals, xenotime, fergusonite, and others, with a relatively complete range of rare earth elements. Among them, the ion-absorption middle and heavy rare earth deposits occupy an important position in the world.
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