中国对犯罪的未成年人实行惩戒与保护并举的措施，尽最大努力促进失足未成年人回归社会。中国的法律明确了对犯罪的未成年人实行教育、感化、挽救的方针，坚持教育为主、惩罚为辅的原则。司法机关办理未成年人刑事案件，由熟悉未成年人身心特点的司法人员承担；未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人没有委托辩护人的，司法机关应当通知法律援助机构指派律师为其提供辩护。对犯罪的未成年人严格限制适用逮捕措施，人民检察院审查批准逮捕和人民法院决定逮捕，应当讯问未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人，听取辩护律师的意见；对被拘留、逮捕和执行刑罚的未成年人与成年人实行分别羁押、分别管理、分别教育。对未成年人刑事案件，在讯问、审判时，应当通知未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的法定代理人到场，也可以通知其他成年亲属和所在学校、单位、居住地基层组织或者未成年人保护组织的代表到场。到场的法定代理人或者其他人员认为办案人员在讯问、审判或询问中侵犯未成年人合法权益的，可以提出意见。讯问笔录、法庭庭审笔录应当交给到场的法定代理人或者其他人员阅读或者向其宣读。讯问女性未成年犯罪嫌疑人时，应当有女性工作人员在场。对犯罪情节轻微，可能判处一年有期徒刑以下刑罚并有悔罪表现的未成年人，人民检察院可以作出附条件不起诉的决定。司法机关可以对未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的成长经历、犯罪原因、监护教育等情况进行调查并作为办案的参考。审判时被告人不满十八周岁的案件，不公开审理。对犯罪时不满十八周岁，被判处五年有期徒刑以下刑罚的，实行犯罪记录封存制度，除司法机关因办案需要或者有关单位根据国家规定进行查询以外，不得向任何单位和个人提供。2011年颁布的《刑法修正案（八）》明确了对未成年人应当适用缓刑的条件，规定了未成年人犯罪不构成一般累犯。截至2011年7月，全国已经建立少年法庭2331个。2002—2011年，经过各方努力，中国未成年人重新犯罪率基本控制在1%—2%。近年来，未成年人犯罪案件呈现下降趋势，未成年罪犯占全部罪犯的比例逐渐减少。
China adopts the measure of combined punishment and protection to help juvenile offenders and does the utmost to rehabilitate them and get them reintegrated into society. China specifies the principle of "education, persuasion and rehabilitation" for juvenile offenders, sticking to the principle of applying primarily educational measures, and taking punitive sanctions as ancillary means. The judicial organs assign officials who have a good knowledge of the physical and psychological characteristics of minors to handle juvenile cases. If a minor defendant has not appointed a defender, the judicial organs should notify a legal assistance agency to assign an attorney to defend him/her. There are strict rules regarding the arrest of a juvenile suspect or defendant. When a people's prosecutor's office reviews and approves an arrest and a people's court decides on the arrest of a minor, the minor shall be questioned and the defense attorney's opinion shall be heeded. Minors held in custody, arrested or are under criminal punishment shall be detained, administered and educated separately from adults. During the interrogation and trial of juvenile criminal cases, the legal representative of the minor should be present. The court may also inform the minor's other adult relatives or representatives of his/her school, work unit, place of residence or juvenile protection organizations of the trial so that they shall be present. If the legal representative or any other relevant person present believes that the legitimate rights and interests of the minor have been infringed upon during the interrogation or trial, he/she may express his/her opinion thereon. The interrogation or court records shall be made available on the spot to the legal representative or other relevant person present to read or be read out to them. When female juvenile suspects are interrogated, a female officer shall be present. For a minor whose offence is not serious, therefore may be sentenced to less than one year in prison but who has shown remorse, the people's procuratorate may decide not to proceed with prosecution, with conditions attached. The judicial organs may take into consideration the family and school background, cause of crime, guardianship and education of a juvenile offender and use them as reference when handling the case. Trial of cases in which the offenders are under the age of 18 shall not be open to the public. If the offender is under 18 at the time of the crime and sentenced to less than five years of imprisonment, the records of the crime shall be sealed. These records shall not be disclosed to any institution or individual unless they are required by judicial authorities for handling cases or by relevant institutions for inquiry in accordance with state regulations. Amendment Eight to the Criminal Law promulgated in 2011 makes clear the conditions under which probation is applicable to a minor. It also stipulates that juvenile offenders do not constitute recidivists. By July 2011, a total of 2,331 juvenile courts had been set up across the country. From 2002 to 2011, thanks to efforts from all sectors of society, the rate of recidivism of China's juveniles remained at 1% to 2%. In recent years, cases of juvenile delinquency have been falling, and the proportion of juvenile offenders among the criminal population is gradually decreasing.
The graphics shows punishments meted out by people's courts on juvenile criminals from 2009 to 2011, according to China's white paper on judicial reform published by the Information Office of the State Council on Oct. 9, 2012. (Xinhua)
(Table 2. Punishments Meted Out by People's Courts on Juvenile Criminals, 2009-2011)
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