10. By an order dated December 7. 1971, the Washington State Supreme Court adopted the Code of Professional Responsibility,as set forth herem, effective / zero preposition / January 1,1972,superseding on that date the Canons of Professional Ethics.
—Code of Professional Responsibility,
Washington State Bar Association, p. 1119
11. With effect from April 16. 1985, the Practice Direction on first and second class mail issued on July 30, 1968 is hereby revoked and …
—Business Law Review, June 1985. p. 187
12. These Regulations, which came into operation on January 1, 1984,…
—Business Law Brief Muren 1984. p.70
从以上有代表性的十二例出发,作如下分析:
(1)汉语“施行”意即“生效”(或“起起作”)。而英语表达也同“生效”非常近似。
(2)这“生效”的“效”,英语就是“effect”,“force”或“operation”这三个关键词。
(3)英语中对动词及物不及物。(例如“生效”与“使生效”),主动与被动(如“使生效”与“被使生效”,是非常敏感,而汉语则不尽如此。因此,首先要注意的是主动的“bring X Law into force ”(使某法生效)或 give effect to x Law(使某法有效)被动的“x law shall be brought into force...”(见例1)或 x law shall be given effect...”(4)但更多的表达形式是利用不及物动词的或“目”动词(包括短语动词),那就是:“某法+相应语法形式的 come / enter / go into effect / force / operation”或“某法+相应语言形式的have / take effect”。
(5)在一定上下文中,表达“施行”即“生效”可不用任何动词,而只用“with effect..., X Law”或effective..., x Law.. (见例 10—11)。
(6)以上种种,只能示其一斑,而不能概括“施行”或“生效”之全部英译。比如说,例(1)中的 “implementation”也是“实施”(“生效”);既可用 give force to…表示“使.......生效”(“实施”),也可用“give effect to”表示同一含义,不但如此,甚至不妨用“give force and effect...”表示,使......生效(施行......) 。请看:
13. The code / UCC / is designed to help determine the intentions of the parties to a commercial contract to give force and effect to their agreement.
—Roger LeRoy & Kenneth A. Burns
Business Law and Taxes, 1984. p.5
(原载1989年第2期《上海科技翻译》,此次作了新的补充。)
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