建国初期，中华人民共和国面临着组建和巩固新生政权、恢复和发展国民经济、实现和保障人民当家作主的艰巨任务。根据政权建设的需要，从1949年到1954年第一届全国人民代表大会召开前，中国颁布实施了具有临时宪法性质的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》，制定了中央人民政府组织法、工会法、婚姻法、土地改革法、人民法院暂行组织条例、最高人民检察署暂行组织条例、惩治反革命条例、妨害国家货币治罪暂行条例、惩治贪污条例、全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法以及有关地方各级人民政府和司法机关的组织、民族区域自治和公私企业管理、劳动保护等一系列法律、法令，开启了新中国民主法制建设的历史进程。
1954年，第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议召开，通过了新中国第一部宪法，确立了人民民主和社会主义原则，确立了人民代表大会的根本政治制度，规定了公民的基本权利和义务，同时制定了全国人民代表大会组织法、国务院组织法、地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民委员会组织法、人民法院组织法、人民检察院组织法，确立了国家生活的基本原则。1956年，中国共产党第八次全国代表大会提出，“国家必须根据需要，逐步地系统地制定完备的法律”。此后至1966年“文化大革命”前，中国立法机关共制定法律、法令130多部。这个时期的民主法制建设，为建设中国特色社会主义法律体系提供了宝贵经验。“文化大革命”期间，中国的民主法制建设遭到严重破坏，立法工作几乎陷于停顿。
When the People's Republic of China was founded, it was confronted with the difficult tasks of organizing and consolidating the new political power, restoring and developing the national economy, and realizing and guaranteeing the people's right to be masters of the country. To meet the needs of construction of the political power, from 1949 to 1954, before the convening of the First National People's Congress (NPC), China promulgated and implemented the Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, which acted as a temporary constitution, and enacted the Organic Law of the Central People's Government, Trade Union Law, Marriage Law, Land Reform Law, Interim Regulations on the Organization of the People's Courts, Interim Regulations on the Organization of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, Regulations on Punishment of Counter-revolutionaries, Interim Regulations on Punishment for Impairment of the State Currency, Regulations on Punishment for Embezzlement, Electoral Law of the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses, and laws and regulations on the organization of local people's governments and local judicial organs, on regional ethnic autonomy, on the management of public and private enterprises, and on labor protection. With these laws and regulations, New China embarked on its course of development of democracy and the legal system.
In 1954 the First Session of the First NPC was held. The session adopted the first Constitution of New China, which established the principles for people's democracy and socialism, established the people's congress system as a fundamental political system, and provided for the basic rights and obligations of Chinese citizens. The session also adopted organic laws of the NPC, the State Council, local people's congresses and local people's committees, people's courts, and people's procuratorates, thus establishing the basic principles for state affairs. In 1956 the Eighth National Congress of the CPC proposed that "the state must make a complete legal system gradually and systematically according to its needs." Before the "cultural revolution" broke out in 1966, China's legislature had enacted over 130 laws and decrees. The building of democracy and the legal system in this period provided valuable experiences for building a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics. During the "cultural revolution," China suffered grave setbacks in its work to improve democracy and the legal system, and its legislation almost came to a standstill.
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