以上单词均有裁决或裁判者的含义。其中，尽管judge可指很多场合中的裁决者，如judge of the diamond at the show及 judge of the cars等，但在法律语言学中，严格说来，judge唯一的含义即是“法官”，不论其是经指定或任命的而获得职位的[1]。arbiter和arbitrator均可用作指“仲裁员”，但在这种含义上，后者比前者通用。arbiter属于书面语，更常用于指无正式授权或职务，而凭借威望以作裁决或制定标准者。从裁决的方式上看，arbiter受制于法律规则，而arbitrator则可按自己的判断行使自由裁量权[2] (但Arthur A. Leff却对此区别持异议[3])。 在罗马法中，arbiter还可用作指被授予自由裁量权的法官，或经裁判官（praetor)指定按衡平法规则审理属于善意动机类案件 (bona fidei)者。referee 和 umpire 也可用作指 arbitrator;此外, referee还常用作指由法院命令或指定，就未决案件作额外的调查、取证、听审当事人、且提交相关报告的专家（或律师）；此种referee的指定可不需有关当事人的同意，此时，其为“托查官（人)”（即能对未决事项进行听审且将结果报告法院的准司法官，通常为律师，经法官任命以处理某事项，源于委托，因其处理之事项是法院专门“委托”的）W。在用作指仲裁时， umpire则常表示在两个或多个仲裁员意见不和时，被指定作终局裁决的“首席仲裁员” [5]。
[1] “ A public official appointed or elected to hear and decide legal matters in court. ” Cf. Bryan A. Gamer, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th edition, at p. 844, West Group (1999). A public official vested with authority to hear，determine, and preside over legal matters brought in court. ” Cf. Linda Picard Wood，J. D. Merriam Websters Dictionary of Law, at p.
267，Merriam-Webster，Incorporated Springfield，Massachusetts (1996 ).
[2] “arbiter: A person chosen to decide a controversy. A person bound to decide according to the rules of law and equity，as distinguished from an arbitrator, who may proceed wholly at his own discretion，so that it be according to the judgment of a sound man. ” Cf. The Publisher's Editorial Staff, Black's Law Dictionary, abridged 6th edition, at p. 69， West Publishing Co. (1991).
[3] “ Sometimes a distinction in sought to be made between an arbiter, who decides according to rules, and an arbitrator, who is free to settle matters in his own sound discretion. But the distinction doesn’t hold; arbiter often have huge moments of discretionary power，and more important，most arbitrators today proceed according to elaborate rules, both procedural and substantive. ”Cf. Arthur A. Leff, The Leff Dictionary of Law, at pp. 1855, 2050, 94 Yale I. J. (1985).
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