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4. Metonymy(换喻)
用某ー种事物的名称代替与之密切相关的另ー种事物名称的方法。运用这种表达法可以使描写更加简明生动。如:
例9 The baby was brought up on the bottle.
这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶我大的。(用奶瓶代奶)
例10. Sword and cross in hand, the Europeans fell upon the Americans.
欧洲人手握武器袭击美国人。
5. Synecdoche(提喻)
用部分代替整体或整体代替部分的表达形式,也是一种替换的方法。如:
例11 Blood spilled on both sides.
双方都有伤亡。
例12 All farms were short of hands during the harvest season.
收割季节,所有农场都是人手不足。
6. Euphemism(婉言)
用ー种温和或模糊的说法替换难听或生硬的说法,使语言表达更富有ー种婉言的特点。如:
例13 The old man died of hunger.
这位老人饿死了。
改为 The old man passed away/left us/because of hunger.或 The old man's heart has stopped beating because of hunger.(那位老人因饥饿而去世。)
例14 I saw many old people (改为 senior citizens) walking in the street.
我看到许多老人在街上行走。
7. Irony(反语/讽刺)
这种修辞是指与真正的意思恰恰相反的用法。这样用的目的是在于产生特殊的效果。比如说,你如果准备好外出郊游,并且期待着有一个很好的天气,但是事与愿违,偏偏下起大雨。这时,如果你不说天气坏透了,而是说“What fine weather for an outing!”这就是使用了“反语”把野蛮的行为称作civilized or cultural(文明的,有文化素养的)也看做是ー种反语。如:
例15 She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May Fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black.
她一开口就是某某勖爵某某大人,那口气竟好像她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事,她没有一回不穿孝。