以国之名悼念逝者。4月4日清明节，中国举行全国性哀悼活动，深切悼念抗击疫情斗争牺牲烈士和逝世同胞，为没有等来春天的生命默哀，向所有用生命守护生命的英雄致敬。从最高领导人到普通民众，14亿中国人民以最深的怀念为牺牲烈士和逝世同胞送行。中国以国家之名和最高仪式祭奠逝者，是国家对人民个体尊严与生命的尊重与敬畏，是14亿中国人民集体情感背后的团结和力量。

　　（二）举全国之力抗击疫情

National tribute to the deceased.On April 4, the Chinese traditional Tomb-sweeping Day, China paid tribute to all those who had given their lives in the fight against Covid-19, and those who had died of the disease. People throughout the country observed a silence to mourn the loss of lives and pay tribute to heroes who had protected others’ lives at the cost of their own. From the top leader to ordinary people, 1.4 billion Chinese bade farewell to their dear departed. This solemn national ceremony demonstrates that the country respects and holds in awe the dignity and lives of people as individuals. It signifies the solidarity and strength of 1.4 billion Chinese.

2.Mobilizing the Whole Country to Fight the Epidemic

　　一方有难，八方支援。疫情发生后，全国上下紧急行动，依托强大综合国力，开展全方位的人力组织战、物资保障战、科技突击战、资源运动战，全力支援湖北省和武汉市抗击疫情，在最短时间集中最大力量阻断疫情传播。“中方行动速度之快、规模之大，世所罕见，展现出中国速度、中国规模、中国效率”。（注4）

When a disaster strikes in one location, help comes from all quarters. After the outbreak, the entire country acted promptly. Relying on its overall national strength, China mobilized the people, enhanced R&D, procured supplies, and brought them to those in need rapidly. It mustered the support of the whole country to assist Hubei, and particularly Wuhan, to combat the disease. It pooled all its strength in the shortest period of time, and halted the spread of the epidemic. Hailing the speed and scale of China’s response, WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus described it as unprecedented, and said it showed the efficiency and the strength of China’s system.4

　　开展新中国成立以来规模最大的医疗支援行动。调动全国医疗资源和力量，全力支持湖北省和武汉市医疗救治。自1月24日除夕至3月8日，全国共调集346支国家医疗队、4.26万名医务人员、900多名公共卫生人员驰援湖北。19个省份以对口支援、以省包市的方式支援湖北省除武汉市以外16个地市，各省在发生疫情、防控救治任务十分繁重的情况下，集中优质医疗资源支援湖北省和武汉市。人民解放军派出4000多名医务人员支援湖北，承担火神山医院等3家医疗机构的医疗救治任务，空军出动运输机紧急运送医疗物资。各医疗队从接受指令到组建2小时内完成，24小时内抵达，并自带7天防护物资，抵达后迅速开展救治。在全国紧急调配全自动测温仪、负压救护车、呼吸机、心电监护仪等重点医疗物资支援湖北省和武汉市（表1）。从全国调集4万名建设者和几千台机械设备，仅用10天建成有1000张病床的火神山医院，仅用12天建成有1600张病床的雷神山医院。短短10多天建成16座方舱医院，共有1.4万余张床位。加强临床血液供应，10个省份无偿支援湖北省红细胞4.5万单位，血小板1762个治疗量，新鲜冰冻血浆137万毫升（不含恢复期血浆）。大规模、强有力的医疗支援行动，有力保障了湖北省和武汉市救治，极大缓解了重灾区医疗资源严重不足的压力。

Launching the largest medical assistance operation since the founding of the PRC.China mobilized all its medical resources to support the efforts in Wuhan and other locations in Hubei. From January 24, Chinese New Year’s Eve, to March 8, it rallied 346 national medical teams, consisting of 42,600 medical workers and more than 900 public health professionals to the immediate aid of Hubei and the city of Wuhan. Nineteen provinces and equivalent administrative units assisted 16 other cities in Hubei in the form of paired assistance. While burdened with the heavy responsibility of coronavirus prevention and control and treatment of patients in their home cities, they still pooled together quality medical resources to assist Hubei and Wuhan.

The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) dispatched over 4,000 medical personnel to Hubei to work in epidemic control. They took on medical work in three designated medical institutions, including Huoshenshan Hospital in Wuhan. The PLA Air Force dispatched aircraft to transport emergency medical supplies. Medical teams were formed within two hours of receiving the order, and they arrived at their destinations within 24 hours, carrying a seven-day stock of protective materials. On arrival, they started to treat patients right away.

The government urgently solicited automatic temperature measuring equipment, negative pressure ambulances, ventilators, electrocardiogram monitors, and other key medical supplies from across the country for Wuhan and other locations in Hubei (see Table 1). It mobilized 40,000 construction workers and several thousand sets of machinery and equipment to build two hospitals. The construction of the 1,000-bed Huoshenshan Hospital was completed in just 10 days, and that of the 1,600-bed Leishenshan Hospital in just 12 days. In 10 short days, 16 temporary treatment centers providing over 14,000 beds were built. To increase blood supply for clinical use in surgery, 10 provinces donated to Hubei 45,000 units of red blood cells, 1,762 therapeutic doses of platelets, and 1,370 liters of fresh frozen plasma (not including convalescent plasma). These massive and powerful medical assistance actions have guaranteed Covid-19 treatment in Hubei and Wuhan, greatly relieving the pressure on the hardest-hit areas caused by severe shortages of medical resources.

Table 1. Medical Supplies Sent to Hubei since the Onset of the Epidemic

(As of April 30)

　　大力加强医疗物资生产供应和医疗支持服务。疫情防控阻击战，也是后勤保障战。疫情初期，武汉市医疗防护物资极度短缺，为了节省防护用品、争分夺秒抢救病患，一线医护人员克服困难，最大限度地延长防护用品使用时间。为尽快解决医疗资源短缺和病患急剧增多的突出矛盾，中国充分发挥制造业门类全、韧性强和产业链完整配套的优势，克服春节假期停工减产等不利因素，开足马力，深挖潜力，全力保障上下游原料供应和物流运输，保证疫情防控物资的大规模生产与配送。医疗企业克服工人返岗不足等困难，以最快速度恢复医疗用品生产，最大限度扩大产能。其他行业企业迅速调整转产，生产口罩、防护服、消毒液、测温仪等防疫物资，有效扩大了疫情防控物资的生产供应。快速启动防控医疗物资应急审批程序，全面加强质量安全监管，确保以最快的速度批准上市、促产保供，截至5月31日，共应急批准17个药物和疫苗的19件临床试验申请，附条件批准2个疫情防控用药上市。在各方共同努力下，医用物资产能不断提升，医用物资保供实现从“紧缺”到“紧平衡”“动态平衡”“动态足额供应”的跨越式提升（表2）。2月初，医用非N95口罩、医用N95口罩日产量分别为586万只、13万只，到4月底分别超过2亿只、500万只。畅通供应链条和物流渠道，建立联保联供协作机制，源源不断地把全国支援物资运送到疫情防控重点地区。

Increasing the production and supply of medical supplies and medical support services.Victory in the battle against Covid-19 depends on logistical support. In view of the extreme scarcity of medical protective materials in Wuhan during the early stage of the epidemic, medical workers on the front line overcame difficulties and used every item for the longest possible time, so as to conserve them in the race to save lives. To address the shortfall in medical resources while patient numbers surged, China exploited the full strength of its comprehensive and resilient manufacturing sector and its complete industrial chain.

To overcome the unfavorable combination of a pause in work and the resultant decline in manufacturing output during the Chinese New Year holiday, the Chinese government mobilized factories across the country to operate at full capacity and tap into their full potential. With all its strength, it supported raw materials supplies and transport facilities throughout the industrial chain, so as to ensure large-scale production and distribution of materials for epidemic prevention and control. Medical manufacturers overcame such difficulties as labor shortages caused by workers not having returned to their posts. They resumed production as quickly as possible, and expanded capacity to the maximum.

Enterprises in other industries made rapid adjustments to their manufacturing facilities and turned to producing masks, protective suits, disinfectants, temperature measuring devices, and other products for the fight against the epidemic, thereby effectively expanding the overall output of such materials and equipment. The Chinese government quickly started procedures to review applications for producing medical supplies in times of emergency, and imposed stricter quality and safety supervision across the board, so as to facilitate production, ensure the quickest approval for sale, and guarantee supplies.

As of May 31, relevant authorities had approved 19 applications for clinical trials of 17 medicines and vaccines for coronavirus prevention and control, and conditionally approved the applications for sale of two medicines. Thanks to the joint efforts of many parties, manufacturing capacity for medical supplies increased steadily, and efforts to ensure the supply of medical materials and equipment achieved rapid progress: from acute shortage to borderline sufficiency, then from demand-supply balance to timely and sufficient supplies (see Table 2). The daily output of medical N95 masks and medical non-N95 masks increased from 130,000 and 5.86 million in early February to over 5 million and 200 million by the end of April. These efforts opened up unimpeded supply chains and logistics channels, gave birth to a coordination mechanism ensuring material supply, and allowed continuous transport of materials from across the country to the hardest-hit areas.

Table 2. Production of Key Medical Supplies

(As of April 30)